I agree, you might burn out the motor. I also don't think it will clean up the space.

The problem with a shop is yes the dust in the air is a problem, but the dust that is sitting on surfaces doesn't take much to become airborne. Running an air filter over night will be great when you walk in the next morning, but as soon as you start mocing around......

What I do is have clean-up sessions. Fan with an air filter duct taped to it, Shop vac (or dust collector) and brooms & brushes. I wear a full respirator. Start at the top knocking it all down, vacuum it up, and then start at the top again vacuuming all the nooks and crannies, wall and ceiling surfaces.....
In my photo darkroom, I'll vent the vacuum through a second hose to the outside and I'll finish up by wiping down all the surfaces with rags and cold water (to neutralize the static charge that makes a dust problem worse) A shop is not a darkroom, so usually the knock down, and second vacuum pass really cleans it up. And for at least a week I'm careful to hook up all my tools to the dust collector.